In the field of modern energy storage, lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries are the two most common types of batteries. They have their own advantages in different application scenarios, but with the development of technology, people are increasingly concerned about their performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact. This article will compare these two types of batteries and explore their respective advantages and disadvantages. **1、 The working principles of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and lead-acid batteries (Pb-A) are different. Lithium ion batteries store and release energy through the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes, while lead-acid batteries rely on chemical reactions between lead and lead dioxide. **2、 The energy density of lithium-ion batteries is usually much higher than that of lead-acid batteries. This means that lithium-ion batteries can store more energy under the same volume or weight. This is a significant advantage for devices that require lightweight and high energy output. **3、 The cycle life of lithium-ion batteries is usually longer than that of lead-acid batteries. This means that under the same usage conditions, lithium-ion batteries can undergo more charge and discharge cycles without significant degradation. **4、 Although the initial cost of lithium-ion batteries is usually higher than lead-acid batteries, considering their long lifespan and high energy density, lithium-ion batteries may be more cost-effective in the long run. **5、 Environmental impact: Lead acid batteries contain lead, a toxic heavy metal that is harmful to the environment and human health. Lithium ion batteries are considered more environmentally friendly because they do not contain lead and other harmful heavy metals. **6、 Lead acid batteries still have advantages in certain applications, such as cost sensitive situations or situations that require high current output, such as car starter batteries. Lithium ion batteries are more suitable for applications that require high energy density and long lifespan, such as portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. **7、 Lithium ion batteries may overheat or even catch fire in certain situations, although this is relatively rare and has decreased with technological advancements. Lead acid batteries are relatively stable, but their electrolytes are acidic and require proper handling. **8、 Conclusion: Both lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries have their own advantages, and the choice of battery depends on specific application requirements, cost budget, and environmental considerations. With the advancement of technology, the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries are constantly improving, while the cost is gradually decreasing, making them an increasingly popular choice in many fields. When making a choice, it is important to consider the performance, cost, safety, and environmental impact of batteries, as well as how they meet the needs of specific applications. With the continuous advancement of battery technology, we can expect more efficient and environmentally friendly energy storage solutions to emerge in the future.